Ingabo za Amerika na OTAN bigeze aho ziva muri Afghanistani nyuma y’imyaka 20 y’intambara. Abatalibani, bari baje kunesha, bo barimo kugenda bafata vuba vuba uturere hirya no hino mu gihugu.
Abatalibani barimo kugaruka?
Abatalibani umutwe w’intagondwa zigendera ku matwara akaze yiyitirira idini ya Isilamu bavanywe ku butegetsi ku ngufu igihe ingabo zirangajwe imbere na Amerika zateraga muri 2001.
Habaye amatora y’umukuru w’igihugu ashingiye kuri demokarasi hanajyaho itegekonshinga rishya, ariko Abatalibani batangiye intambara yo kurwanya ubutegetsi yagiye gahoro gahoro ikaza umurego ku buryo byatumye abasirikare ba Amerika na OTAN/NATO barushaho kwiyongera.
Ubu rero, mu gihe Amerika irimo gutahukana abasirikare bayo ba nyuma, uyu mutwe urimo kwigarurira uturere twinshi maze ugasubizaho umurongo wawo ukaze w’amategeko ya Sharia.
Igisata cya BBC gitangaza amakuru kuri Afghanistani cyemeje uko ibintu bimeze mu gihugu ku itariki ya 12 z’ukwa karindwi. Kimaze gucukumbura neza cyemeje uturere ubu turi mu maboko y’Abatalibani n’utugenzurwa na leta.Uturere twerekanwa ku ikarita nk’isibaniro ni uturimo imirwano ubu cyangwa se dufite uduce Abatalibani biganjemo.
Ibintu biragenda bihinduka vuba, kandi kubera ko bikomeye kugera mu duce tumwe tw’igihugu, biragoye kwemeza amakuru amwe n’amwe, ariko ikigaragara ni uko Abatalibani barimo kugenda bigarurira ahantu henshi. Biravugwa ko ubu bagenzura hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy’igihugu.
Imyaka 20 y’intambara yatumye abarwanyi babarirwa mu bihumbi bapfa ku mpande zombi muri Afghanistani no hakurya y’umupaka muri Pakistani baturanye. Abaturage b’abasivile nabo bahuye n’iyi ntambara – bamwe baguye mu bitero by’indege by’ingabo z’amahanga abandi bahitanwa n’ibitero by’Abatalibani. Umubare w’abasivile bishwe mu mezi atatu ya mbere ya 2021 “uri hejuru cyane” ugereranije n’abapfuye mu mwaka ushize, uku kwiyongera ONU ikaba ivuga ko kwatewe n’ikoreshwa ry’ibisasu bituritswa ku buryo butitezwe n’ubwicanyi bwibasira abantu bamwe na bamwe.
Abagore n’abana bagize 43% by’abasivile bishwe muri Afghanistani muri 2020.
Ni bangahe bahunze imirwano?
Imyaka myinshi y’intambara yatumye abantu babarirwa muri za miliyoni bava mu byabo, bamwe bahungira mu bihugu by’ibituranyi cyangwa bajya gusaba ubuhungiro mu bihugu bya kure. Benshi mu bataye ingo zabo bagumye muri Afghanistani aho badafite aho begeka umusaya hamwe n’abandi babarirwa muri za miliyoni babayeho mu buzima bushaririye n’inzara.
Umwaka ushize, abantu barenga ibihumbi 400 bavanywe mu byabo n’intambara. Kuva muri 2012, abantu hafi miliyoni 5 barahunze ku buryo batarashobora gutahuka. Ishami rya ONU rishinzwe uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu ku isi rivuga ko Afghanistani iri ku mwanya wa gatatu ku isi mu kugira umubare uri hejuru w’abantu bavuye mu byabo. Icyorezo cy’indwara ya Covid-19 cyabaye undi mutwaro kuri Afghanistani kandi gahunda za guma mu rugo zagize ingaruka ku buryo abantu bari bafite bwo kubona ifaranga cyane cyane mu cyaro.
Urwego rwa ONU rushinzwe kugoboka abari mu kaga ruvuga ko abantu barenga 30% by’abatuye Afghanistani ubuzima bwabo buri mu kaga cyangwa se bari hafi kubura ibiribwa.
None abakobwa ubu bashobora kujya kwiga?
Ihirikwa ry’ubutegetsi bw’Abatalibani ryatumye haba amahinduka akomeye n’iterambere mu burenganzira bw’abagore n’uburezi. Muri 1999, nta mukobwa numwe wigaga mu mashuri yisumbuye kandi 9000 gusa ni bo bonyine bari mu mashuri abanza.
Muri 2003, abakobwa miliyoni 2,4 bari mu ishuri. Ubu bageze hafi kuri miliyoni 3,5 kandi hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy’abanyeshuri bo muri kaminuza zigenga n’iza leta ni abagore. Ariko nkuko bivugwa n’ishami rya ONU rishinzwe abana ku isi, UNICEF, haracyari abana barenga miliyoni 3,7 batari mu ishuri kandi 60% muri abo ni abakobwa, abenshi kubera intambara ikomeje n’ibura ry’amashuri akwiye ndetse n’ibura ry’abarimu b’abagore.
Abatalibani bavuga ko batakirwanya uburezi bw’abana b’abakobwa ariko ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga riharanira uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu ku isi, HRW, rivuga ko abayobozi bake cyane b’Abatalibani mu duce bagenzura ari bo bonyine bemerera mu byukuri abakobwa kujya mu ishuri bamaze kuva mu myaka y’ingimbi.
Andi mahirwe abagore bafite
Abagore kandi baranaboneka mu buzima busanzwe, aho bari mu myanya ya politiki no mu bucuruzi. Abagore barenga 1000 muri Afghanistani batangije ibigo byabo by’ubucuruzi ahagana muri 2019 ibi byose Abatalibani bakaba batarashoboraga kubyemera igihe bari ku butegetsi.
Itegekonshinga ry’ubu ritegeka ko abagore bagomba kubona imyanya byibura 27% mu nteko ishingamategeko kandi ubu uwo mubare barawurenza gato kuko bafite intebe 69 kuri 249.
Ahandi ubuzima bwahindutse gute?
Gukoresha telefone-ngendanwa na interineti birimo kwiyongera, nubwo bwose hakiri ibindi bibazo byinshi mu gihugu mu rwego rw’ibikorwa remezo.
Abantu barenga miliyoni 8,6 – ni ukuvuga hafi 22% by’abaturage bose – bashoboraga kugera kuri interineti mu kwezi kwa mbere muri 2021 kandi ababarirwa muri za miliyoni bakoresha imbuga nkoranyambaga.
Telefone-ngendanwa nazo zikomeje kwiyongera – aho 68% by’abatuye igihugu ubu bafite telefone nk’iyo. Ariko ONU ivuga ko ibura rya hato na hato rya serivisi za telefone-ngendanwa rikomeje kubangamira itumanaho.
Benshi muri Afghanistani ntabwo bafite konti mu mabanki – ni ukuvuga hafi 80% y’abantu bakuru, uyu mubare ukaba uri hejuru ugereranije muri rusange no mu bihugu bifite umutungo uri hasi.
Usibye impungenge z’umutekano, Banki y’isi ivuga ko binaterwa kandi cyane n’imyumvire y’idini n’umuco no kutagirira icyizere urwego rw’imari no kugira ubumenyi buke mu bijyanye n’imari.
Ariko rero, iyi banki yizeye ko imishinga mike izafasha gukuba kabiri ijanisha ry’umubare w’abantu bakuru muri Afghanistani bazaba bafite konti mu myaka itanu iri mbere.
Mu murwa mukuru Kabul, aho inzu gakondo z’amatafari adahiye ziboneka mu nkengero z’udusozi twaho, ikirere cyawo cyarahindutse mu myaka 20 ishize aho usanga amatsinda y’inyubako z’imiturirwa zikomeje kubakwa muri gahunda yo kubonera amacumbi abatuye uwo mujyi bakomeje kwiyongera.
Kabul yarubatswe cyane nk’umujyi mu myaka yakurikiye ihirikwa ry’Abatalibani mu gihe abantu bazaga kuhatura bavuye mu turere two mu cyaro aho intambara yari ikomeje, kandi n’abari barahunze Abatalibani mu myaka ya 1990 barimo batahuka bava muri Pakistani na Irani.
Urumogi, kamara ku bukungu bw’icyaro
Afghanistani ikomeje kuba ku mwanya wa mbere w’ibihugu bihinga urumogi rwa opium kandi abategetsi bo mu Bwongereza bavuga ko ugereranije hafi 95% by’urumogi rwa heroin rwinjira mu Bwongereza rufite inkomoko muri Afghanistani.
Imibare ya ONU yerekana ko ihingwa ry’urumogi muri Afghanistani ryiyongereye cyane mu myaka 20 ishize kandi ko gusa intara 12 kuri 34 zigize icyo gihugu ari zo zitarangwamo ihingwa ryarwo.
Ibi biravugwa mu gihe habaye gahunda zo kurwanya ihingwa ryarwo no guha uduhimbazamusyi abahinzi barwo kugira ngo bitabire ahubwo ibindi bihingwa birimo imbuto za pomegranate n’urusenda rwa saffron.
Nubwo bwose Abatalibani bari babujije ihingwa ry’urumogi muri 2001 – icyemezo kitamaze igihe – ubu rwabaye igihingwa kibinjiriza bo n’abandi amafaranga abarirwa muri za miliyoni nyinshi z’amadolari. Abahinzi b’urumogi kenshi bategekwa n’abo barwanyi kwishyura ku ngufu umusoro ku mafaranga binjiza.
Politiki ijegajega, umutekano muke n’ibura ry’akazi, bifatwa nka nyirabayazana y’uko kwiyongera kw’ihingwa ry’urumogi.
SRC:BBC
