Gukorera mu bushyuhe bukabije bishobora gukuba kabiri ibyago byo kubyara abana bapfuye no gukuramo inda ku bagore batwite, nk’uko ubushakashatsi bushya bwakorewe mu Buhinde bubigaragaza.
Ubu bushakashatsi bwasanze ibyago ku bagore batwite biri hejuru cyane kurusha uko byatekerezwaga mbere.
Abashakashatsi bavuga ko impeshyi zishyushye cyane muri iki gihe zitagira ingaruka gusa ku bagore bo mu bice by’ikirere cy’akarere ka koma y’isi, ahubwo n’ab’ahandi ku isi.
Barashaka ko abagore bo ku isi bakora batwite bahabwa inama zo kwigengesera muri ibi bihe ubushyuhe bw’isi bugenda burushaho kwiyongera.
Abagore 800 batwite bo muri leta ya Tamil Nadu mu Buhinde bitabiriye ubu bushakashatsi, bwatangijwe mu 2017 n’ikigo Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (SRIHER) i Chennai.
Abagera kuri kimwe cya kabiri cy’abo bagore bakoraga imirimo y’ahantu hari ubushyuhe bukabije nko hanze mu mirima, aho batwika amatafari, mu nganda z’ibyuma n’ahandi. Abandi bakoreraga ahantu hahehereye nko mu mashuri cyangwa mu bitaro, nubwo aba nabo hari ubwo bashyirwaga ahari ubushyuhe bukabije muri iyo mirimo.
Ubusanzwe nta gipimo cy’isi yose cy’ubushyuhe bwakwitwa ko bukabije ku mubiri w’umuntu.
Prof Jane Hirst, umwe mu bahanga bakoze kuri ubu bushakashatsi ati: “[ingaruka z’ubushyuhe] zigendana n’ubwo umubiri wawe umenyereye.”
Mu mirima y’ahitwa Tiruvannamalai, nahuye na Sumathy, umwe mu bagore batwite bakoreweho ubu bushakashatsi.
Yavanyemo uturindantoki yari yambaye ampa ikiganza ngo turamukanye. Yari amaze amasaha abiri asarura za cucumbers/ concombres.
Uko akandakanda impera z’intoki ze, arambwira ati: “Ibiganza byanjye biba bigurumana muri ubu bushyuhe.”
Kandi impeshyi ntiratangira, ariko hano ubushyuhe buri kuri degere celicius 30 uyu munsi kandi harakakaye cyane mu by’ukuri.
Sumathy yakingiye intoki ze ibishokora n’uduhwa tw’ibi asarura, ariko uturindantoki dutuma abira ibyuya cyane.
Ati: “No mu maso mba nshya”.
Aza muri uyu murima wa concombres mbere na nyuma y’akazi ke k’ibanze, umutetsi wo ku ishuri, aka kazi agahemberwa amarupi 200 ku munsi, ni agera ku 3,000Frw ku munsi.
Sumathy ni umwe mu ba mbere bashyizwe muri ubu bushakashatsi.
Umwana we nawe ari mu ba mbere bapfuye muri ubu bushakashatsi.
Ati: “Najyaga numva naniwe cyane ubwo nari ntwite nkorera ahantu hashyushye.”
Umunsi umwe, ubwo umugabo we yari amujyanye gufata ifunguro rya saa sita, Sumathy yatangiye kumva amerewe nabi cyane. Iryo joro, yagiye kwa muganga wamubwiye ko inda ye yavuyemo ku byumweru 12 yari imaze.
Ati: “Umugabo wanjye yashyize ku bibero bye aranyihanganisha. Sinzi icyo nari kuba cyo iyo ntamugira.”
Sumathy avuga umugabo we n’urukundo rwinshi ariko byabaye ngombwa ko yiga kubaho adahari. Vuba aha yarapfuye, ubu niwe wenyine utunga umuryango.
Sumathy ntabwo azigera amenya adashidikanya niba gukorera ahantu hashyushye igihe yari atwite ari byo byatumye apfusha umwana we wa mbere.
Ariko muri rusange, ubushakashatsi bwasanze abagore bakorera ahameze nk’ahe nabo hari ibyago bikubye kabiri byo kubyara umwana upfuye cyangwa gukuramo inda kurusha abakorera ahahehereye.
Ingenzi ku bagore ku isi hose
Abagore batwite bakoreweho ubushakashatsi mu Buhinde bari “imbere mu guhura n’ingaruka z’ihindagurika ry’ikirere”, nk’uko bivugwa na Prof Hirst, inzobere mu kubaga kandi wigisha Ubuzima bw’abagore ku isi ku kigo cy’ubushakashatsi ku buvuzi cya The George Institute.
Ubushyuhe bw’uyu mubumbe w’isi biteganyijwe ko tuzagera ku mpera z’iki kinyejana bwariyongereyeho hafi degere celicius eshatu, kandi ishami ryita ku buzima rya ONU riburira ko ibi ari “ikibazo gikomeye kuri twe” mu gihe abagore batwite bo “bashobora guhura n’ingaruka zikomeye cyane”.
Ubushakashatsi bundi bwakozwe mbere bwerekanye kwiyongera kwa 15% kw’ibyago byo kubyara abana batageze igihe no kubyara abapfuye mu bihe by’ubushyuhe bukabije, gusa ubu bushakashatsi bwo bakorewe mu bihugu bikize nka Amerika na Australia.
Ibi bishya byavuye mu bwakorewe mu Buhinde birakaze kandi biteye ubwoba, nk’uko bivugwa na Prof Hirst, ko bifite igisobanuro kinini, mu gihe ibihugu byinshi ku isi byugarijwe n’ubushyuhe bugenda burushaho kwiyongera buri mwaka.
Gusa avuga ko nubwo ibyo byago byo gupfusha impinja no gukuramo inda bishobora kwikuba kabiri, ibyo muri rusange “bizakomeza kuba ku bagore bacye” ugereranyije.
Kugeza ubu nta nama izwi yemewe ku isi ihabwa abagore batwite bakorera ahantu hashyushye.
Prof Hirst yizeye ko ubu bushakashatsi, n’ubundi buzaza nyuma, buzahindura ibi. Hagati aho avuga ko abagore batwite bakorera mu bushyuhe bashobora:
- Kwirinda kumara umwanya munini mu bushyuhe
- Gufata uturuhuko duto mu gacucu igihe bakorera hanze ku zuba
- Kwirinda imyitozo ngororamubiri cyangwa kota izuba mu gihe riba rikabije nimunsi
- Gukomeza kunywa amazi
Ku bushakashatsi bwo mu Buhinde, ababukoze bakoresheje igipimo kitwa wet-bulb-globe-temperature (WBGT) gipima ingaruka z’ubushyuhe, ku magara, n’umuyaga ku mubiri w’umuntu.
Ibyerekanwa na WBGT kenshi biba biri munsi y’ubushyuhe bwerekanwa n’ibipimo bisanzwe tubona nko kuri televiziyo cyangwa ‘apps’ zitwereka uko ikirere cyifashe.
Igipimo cyiza cy’ubushyuhe ku bantu bakora imirimo y’amaboko ni 27.5C WBGT, nk’uko bivugwa n’ikigo cya Amerika Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
‘Nta mahitamo uretse gukorera ku zuba’
Ubuhinde ni kimwe mu bihugu bya mbere ku isi aho byitezwe ko ubushyuhe buzarenza igipimo cyiza ku muntu ufite amagara mazima, nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwa vuba aha bwa Kaminuza ya Cambridge bwabyerekanye.
Umubare w’iminsi n’amajoro bishyushye (aho umubiri ugorwa no kwikiza ubushyuhe wiriweho) nabyo byitezwe ko bizagera mu 2050 byarikubye kabiri cyangwa kane mu Buhinde.
Mu mirima y’ibisheke y’i Tiruvannamalai, Rekha Shanmugam, wahoze ari umuforomokazi ubu wari mu bakoze buriya bushakashatsi, arimo gufata igipimo cy’ubushyuhe bwa nimunsi.
Iruhande rwacu hari abakozi nka 20 – abagera kuri kimwe cya kabiri ni abagore – baratema ibisheke bakoresheje imipanga mito.
Rekha ati: “Aba bagore akenshi nta mahitamo baba bafite uretse gukorera ku zuba – bakeneye ayo mafaranga”.
Amena amazi ku gikoresho cye gipima maze akanda ahantu hatandukanye. Byerekanye igipimo cya 29.5C WBGT – icyo kiri hejuru y’igipimo cyiza ku muntu ufite amagara mazima ukorera ahantu hashyushye.
Rekha arambwira ati: “Abakozi nibamara umwanya munini muri iki kigero cy’ubushyuhe, bashobora kwibasirwa n’indwara zikomoka ku bushyuhe, ariko by’umwihariko ni ikibazo ku bagore batwite.”
Sandhiya w’imyaka 28, yambwiye ko nta yandi mahitamo uretse gukora aka kazi kugira ngo ahembwe amarupi 600 (agera ku 9,000Frw) ku munsi.
Afite abana babiri bato n’umuryango munini wo kugaburira.
Sandhiya nawe yakoreweho ubu bushakashatsi – kandi yapfushije umwana wari ufite amezi atandatu mu nda.
Yamaze amezi menshi adakora kugira ngo akire kandi n’ubu aracyishyura amadeni yafashe muri icyo gihe.
Ati: “Ibyifuzo byanjye byose bishingiye ku bana banjye. Ndifuza ko biga neza bakabona imirimo myiza. Ntibakwiye kuzaba nkanjye ngo baze gukora mu mirima gutya.”
Ikibazo cyo kunyara
Ibijyanye n’impamvu n’uburyo ubushyuhe bugira ingaruka ku bagore batwite n’impinja zabo muri ubu buryo buteye ubwoba ntabwo byumvikana neza.
Gusa ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere muri Gambia bwasanze ubushyuhe bukabije bugera ku igi rivamo umwana rikimara kwikora kandi butuma amaraso agenda buhoro mu urureri.
Intekerezo imwe ni uko iyo umubyeyi ashyushye cyane, amaraso ashobora kutagera neza mu mwana ugitangira kwiyubaka mu ngobyi.
Rekha akeka ko no kubura inkari bishobora kubigiramo uruhare.
Avuga ko ubundi bushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere bwasanze abagore benshi baba badashaka kunyara iyo bari gukora mu mirima bityo bakirinda kunywa amazi maze bigatera ibibazo mu rwungano rw’inkari.
Ati: “Bagira ubwoba bw’inigwahabiri cyangwa inzoka mu bihuru, cyangwa kurungurukwa n’abagabo.
“Kenshi bumva badatekanye, bityo bakikomeza umunsi wose kugira ngo bajye ku musarane nyuma bageze imuhira.”
Gushaka ibisubizo
Ibyavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi bw’i Tamil Nadu birafatwa nk’ibintu bikomeye, nk’uko Dr TS Selbavinayagam ushinzwe ubuzima muri iyi leta abivuga.
Ati: “Dusanzwe duha imfashanyo abagore batwite, ariko ubu tugomba kuba dukwiye kureba uko bahabwa indi mirimo.”
Leta y’aka karere iha abagore bakennye amarupi 18,000 (arenga 250,000Frw) iyo bageze ku cyumweru cya 12 batwite, kugira ngo iborohereze igitutu mu by’ubukungu.
Gusa imbaraga nyinshi zo gufasha aba bakozi ba nyakabyizi ziba zifitwe n’ababakoresha.
Mu nkengero za Chennai, Thillai Bhasker utwikisha amatafari yubatse inzu y’igisenge kinini cy’ibyuma n’uburyo budasanzwe bwo kuyirinda ubushyuhe kugira ngo abakozi be bakeneye akaruhuko mu gacucu babone aho bikinga hahehereye.
Thilai ati: “Abafite za business bakwiye kumenya uburyo bwo kugumana abakozi babo. Iyo ubitayeho, nabo bakwitaho.”
Yatubwiye kandi uburyo arimo gutegura kubaka imisarani y’abagore gusa.
Ibindi bigo birimo gutanga amasomo ku bakozi ba nyakabyizi y’uburyo bwo kwirinda ubwabo mu bihe by’akazi mu bushyuhe bukabije.
Sumathy nta yandi mahitamo yari afite uretse gukomeza gukorera mu bushyuhe bukabike ubwo yari atwite nanone hashize imyaka micye akuyemo inda.
Ariko yahawe inama zihariye n’abaganga n’abashakashatsi ku buryo yarushaho kwirinda. Yaje kubyara umukobwa umeze neza n’umuhungu.
Nimugoroba nyuma y’umunsi muremure w’akazi arataha abasange.
Ananiwe cyane, ariko nibura yishimiye ko asanga bahari.
@BBC
